{"id":2007,"date":"2015-06-19T09:26:00","date_gmt":"2015-06-19T06:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/2015\/06\/19\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%88%d9%81%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7\/"},"modified":"2015-06-19T09:26:00","modified_gmt":"2015-06-19T06:26:00","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%88%d9%81%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/blog\/2015\/06\/19\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%88%d9%81%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 <\/span>Frederic <\/span>W<\/span>. Taylor<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1917-1856<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 <\/span>Frank<\/span> <\/span>& Lillian Gilbreth<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1924-1858<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u0648<\/span>Henry Gantt<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1919-1861<\/span><\/span><\/span>) <\/span>Harington<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>Emerson<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1931-1853<\/span><\/span><\/span>)(54)(55)(56)<\/sup>. \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064e \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642\u064d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0647\u064f \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0650\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0630 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 <\/span>Max Weber<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1864-1920<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 <\/span>Merton<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1936<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u0648<\/span>Selznick<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1934<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u0648<\/span>Gouldner<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1954<\/span><\/span><\/span>)(57)(58)<\/sup>. \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 <\/span>Henry Fayol<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1841-1925<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 <\/span>Moony & Reily<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1931<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u0648<\/span>Urwick & Guilick<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1937<\/span><\/span><\/span>)(59)(60)<\/sup>. \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 <\/span>Oliver Sheldon<\/span><\/span><\/span> 1933 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1932-1924<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 <\/span>Elton Mayo<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647(61)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0633\u0647\u0650 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 <\/span>Mary P. Follett<\/span><\/span><\/span> (1868-1933)(62)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 <\/span>\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong> \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629  \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/span>William Von Wite<\/span><\/span><\/span>(63)<\/span><\/sup>.<\/span> \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0640 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 <\/span>Chester Bernard<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1961-1886<\/span><\/span><\/span>) (64)<\/sup>. \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0625\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629(65)<\/sup>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629           \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 Frederic W. Taylor (1917-1856) \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 Frank & Lillian Gilbreth (1924-1858) \u0648Henry Gantt (1919-1861) Harington Emerson (1931-1853)(54)(55)(56). \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064e \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":66,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":{"facebook_113637584099864_226214150871618":""},"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2007","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2007","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/66"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2007"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2007\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2007"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2007"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2007"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}