{"id":15124,"date":"2022-06-30T21:29:50","date_gmt":"2022-06-30T18:29:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/?p=15124"},"modified":"2022-06-30T21:29:50","modified_gmt":"2022-06-30T18:29:50","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%88-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/blog\/2022\/06\/30\/%d9%85%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%88-5\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0647 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\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">(2)<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0631 :&#8221;\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 2-3 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">(1)<\/a> \u00a0\u062f. \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u0645 :&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648&#8221; \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c 1972 \u060c \u0635 103 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">(2)<\/a> \u00a0\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 :&#8221;\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u060c \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \/ \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u060c \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c 2006 \u060c \u0635 9-10 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">(3)<\/a> \u00a0\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0630\u064a\u0631 &#8211; \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631 :&#8221;\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631&#8221; \u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2 \u060c 1995 \u060c \u0635 98 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">(1)<\/a> \u00a0\u062f. \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643 :&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 48 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">(2)<\/a> \u00a0\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 :&#8221;\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 1952-1977&#8243; \u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 1979 \u060c \u0635 181 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">(3)<\/a> \u00a0\u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632 :&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c 2000 \u060c \u0635 220 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">(1)<\/a> \u00a0\u062f. \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644 :&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 167 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">(2)<\/a> \u00a0\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631 :&#8221;\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u060c \u0625\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \/ \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u060c 1984 \u060c \u0635 430 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">(3)<\/a> \u00a0\u062f. \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0632\u0643\u064a :&#8221;\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b&#8221; \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u060c 1978 \u060c \u0635 391 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">(4)<\/a> \u00a0\u062f. \u0625\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u2013 \u062f. \u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0632\u062a :&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645&#8221; \u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 232 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2000 \u060c \u0635 22 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">(5)<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 :&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a&#8221; \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c1999\u060c \u0635 166.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">(6)<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u00a0 \u060c\u0635 166 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">(7)<\/a> \u00a0\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 :&#8221;\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 112 .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0647 : \u00a0 &nbsp; \u0623 . \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 : &nbsp; \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0629 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":{"facebook_113637584099864_226214150871618":""},"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15124","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15124","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15124"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15124\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15125,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15124\/revisions\/15125"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15124"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15124"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15124"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}