{"id":806,"date":"2015-03-21T16:01:43","date_gmt":"2015-03-21T13:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/english\/2015\/03\/21\/%d9%84%d9%88%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86\/"},"modified":"2015-03-21T16:01:43","modified_gmt":"2015-03-21T13:01:43","slug":"%d9%84%d9%88%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tourism.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/en\/blog\/2015\/03\/21\/%d9%84%d9%88%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0639\u0627\u0645 1724\u061b \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u2013<\/span>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span>\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1699- \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1955)\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062d\u0632\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a 1708) \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u2013<\/span>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1716 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1724\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u2013\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0648<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 2282 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u061b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621” \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629”\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1728\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062f\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a “\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0632”. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0635\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1746-1755).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/span><\/span><\/span>[<\/span>\u0639\u062f\u0644<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1754\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u2013\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> (T. and T. Longman). <\/span>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1755\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0647. \u0646\u062c\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 (1777-1869) \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1794\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0632<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1771-1842)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1804\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1811 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645 1924\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d “\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0631\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646”. \u0648\u0641\u064a 1799\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span> “<\/span>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>” <\/span>\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0652\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 50 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>” <\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1857 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 84 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span>[1]<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1800 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> “Joan of Arc”<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span><\/span> “<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>” <\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0632\u0648\u0648\u0631\u062b<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0632\u0648\u0648\u0631\u062b<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644”\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0648” \u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span> “Edinburgh Review”<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1802. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1814\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u2013<\/span>\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 “\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0648\u062e” \u0623\u0648<\/span>Laila” “Rookh<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0650\u064a\u0639\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628 3000<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u2013<\/span>\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0627\u0643 “\u0622\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0648” \u0623\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span> “Edinburgh Review”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a 29<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0639\u0627\u0645 1842\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 (1804-1879) \u0648\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 (1813-1877)\u061b \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> “<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621” \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629”. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> “Lays of Ancient Rome”. <\/span>\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> “<\/span>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>“<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 40 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0646\u064f\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span> “<\/span>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>“<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1869\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645<\/span>\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0645\u0646 1327 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 1377. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1863\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> “<\/span>\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0631”\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0644<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1890\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a “\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646”\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2013\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d<\/span><\/span><\/span> (Longmans, Green & Co.).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> 1940<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u062a<\/span>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1948\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1968\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1972\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2013\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span>1724 T. Longman<\/span><\/p>\n

1725 J. Osborn and T. Longman<\/span><\/p>\n

1734 T. Longman<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span>1745 T. Longman and T. Shewell<\/span><\/p>\n

1747 T. Longman<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span>1753 T. and T. Longman<\/span><\/p>\n

1755 M. and T. Longman<\/span><\/p>\n

1755 T. Longman<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span>1793 T.N. Longman. Also T. Longman<\/span><\/p>\n

1797 Messrs. Longman and Rees<\/span><\/p>\n

1799 T.N. Longman and O. Rees<\/span><\/p>\n

1800 Longman and Rees<\/span><\/p>\n

1804 Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme<\/span><\/p>\n

1811 Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown<\/span><\/p>\n

1823 Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green<\/span><\/p>\n

1825 Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green<\/span><\/p>\n

1832 Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans<\/span><\/p>\n

1838 Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans<\/span><\/p>\n

1840 Longman, Orme & Co.<\/span><\/p>\n

1841 Longman, Brown & Co.<\/span><\/p>\n

1842 Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans<\/span><\/p>\n

1856 Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts<\/span><\/p>\n

1859 Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts<\/span><\/p>\n

1862 Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green<\/span><\/p>\n

1865 Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer<\/span><\/p>\n

1880 Longmans, Green & Co.<\/span><\/p>\n

1926 Longmans, Green & Co. (Ltd.)<\/span><\/p>\n

1959 Longmans<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span>1969 Longman <\/span>[2]<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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